المحتملة لسرطان الثدي, Potential new treatment for breast cancer metastasis

سرطان الثدي يمكن أن يكون ورم خبيث يمكن الوقاية منه. إدارة الغذاء والدواء.

وقد اكتشف الباحث مايو كلينيك أن مثبطات CDK4 / 6 - إيجابية لسرطان الثدي - لديها بروتين يسمى SNAIL تشارك في ورم خبيث ورم. وهذا يعني سرطان الثدي.

وقال الباحث الرئيسي في روتشستر بولاية مينيسوتا "إن الانبثاث سمة مميزة للسرطان". "على الرغم من التقدم الكبير في علاج السرطان ، إلا أن الوقاية من السرطان لا يزال يمثل تحديًا لم يتم تحقيقه". تم نشر ورم خبيث السرطان عبر الإنترنت في يناير. 9 ، 2017 ، إصدار مجلة الطبيعة للاتصالات.

في دراسة ورم خبيث الورم ، لو وزملائه. يصعب علاج سرطان الثدي الثلاثي السلبي لأنه لا يحمل مستقبلات للإستروجين أو البروجسترون أو HER-2 / neu.

"مثبطات CDK4 / 6 لم تكن فعالة". لو قال. سرطان الثدي ، سرطان الثدي ، سرطان الثدي ، سرطان الثدي ، سرطان الثدي مختلف نماذج سرطان الثدي الثلاثي السلبي ، بما في ذلك xenografts مستمدة من المريض.

طعم أجنبي المكتسبة من قبل المريض يصبح الماوس صورة رمزية.

محترفين آخرين يحملون اسم Dr. نتائج لو. مثبطات CDK4 / 6 من البروتين SNAIL.

المركز: هذه الورقة يجب أن تستخدم للوقاية من ورم خبيث السرطان ، وفقا لما قاله الدكتور مايو كلينيك ، أخصائي الأورام ، العضو المنتدب للورم. . "عيادة السرطان" هي طريقة معروفة لعلاج السرطان النقيلي.

Breast cancer metastasis might be preventable by using a class of drugs already approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat estrogen positive breast cancer.

Mayo Clinic researchers have discovered that CDK4/6 inhibitors — which are approved to treat estrogen positive breast cancer — have the ability to target a protein called SNAIL involved in tumor metastasis. This means that the drugs might also be able to prevent the spread of triple-negative breast cancer.

"Metastasis is a hallmark of cancer and a leading cause of cancer death," said Zhenkun Lou, Ph.D., senior author of a paper on the cancer study and a Mayo Clinic oncology researcher in Rochester, Minnesota. "Despite great progress in cancer therapy, the prevention of cancer metastasis is still an unfulfilled challenge." The cancer metastasis paper was published online in the Jan. 9, 2017, issue of the journal Nature Communications.

In the tumor metastasis study, Dr. Lou and his colleagues focused on triple-negative breast cancer. Triple-negative breast cancer is difficult to treat because it doesn't exhibit receptors for estrogen, progesterone or the HER-2/neu gene, which are targets for many existing treatments for breast cancer.

"Prior published data suggested that CDK4/6 inhibitors were not effective in reducing the growth rates of estrogen receptor negative breast cancer," Dr. Lou said. "Our data confirmed that while the rate of growth of triple-negative breast cancer was not affected by CDK 4/6 inhibitors, this class of drugs was able to significantly inhibit the spread of triple-negative breast cancer to distant organs when tested in multiple different triple-negative breast cancer models, including patient-derived xenografts."

A patient-derived xenograft is tumor tissue that has been implanted into an animal model, in this case an immunodeficient mouse. The mouse becomes an avatar to help identify which drug or drug combinations are most likely to be effective for an individual patient with cancer.

More research is necessary to corroborate Dr. Lou's findings. If his findings are confirmed, it would be an important discovery that could expand the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors to prevent the metastasis of many other cancers that exhibit a high level of the SNAIL protein.

"These findings may provide a new treatment for the prevention of cancer metastasis," said Mayo Clinic oncologist Matthew P. Goetz, M.D., co-author of the tumor metastasis paper and co-leader of the Women's Cancer Program in the Mayo Clinic Cancer Center. "Mayo Clinic is now developing new studies that will focus on the role of CDK4/6 inhibitors and their potential to inhibit cancer metastasis in women with triple-negative breast cancer who are at highest risk for cancer metastasis."

الليمفاوي الحاد Acute lymphoblastic what are the early symptoms of leukemia in children

Childhood leukemia also affects teens. It is the most common type of cancer in children under the age of 15, according to the National Cancer Institute in the United States. Around 4,000 children in the country are affected by leukemia each year.

Leukemia affects the blood cells. It causes white blood cells to develop in a person's bone marrow. These then travel through the bloodstream and suppress the production of healthy blood cells.

A diagnosis of leukemia can be frightening, but survival rates continue to improve.

Common symptoms of childhood leukemia
If a child has any of the following symptoms, and a parent or caregiver suspects leukemia, it is essential to contact a doctor.

1. Anemia

Child in doctors office with parent.
A doctor should assess a child if they have symptoms of anemia.
Anemia occurs when the body has a shortage of red blood cells.

Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen around the body, and if someone is not producing enough, they may experience:

Children with leukemia have a high white blood cell counts, but most of these cells are not functioning correctly. This is because abnormal cells are replacing healthy white blood cells.

White blood cells help to protect the body and fight off infections.

Recurrent and persistent infections can indicate that a child does not have enough healthy white blood cells.

3. Bruising and bleeding

If a child bruises easily, experiences severe nosebleeds, or bleeds from the gums, this can point to leukemia.

A child with this type of cancer will have a lack of platelets that help to prevent bleeding.

4. Bone or joint pain

If a child seems to be in pain and complains that their bones or joints are sore or achy, this can indicate childhood leukemia.

When leukemia develops, the abnormal cells can collect inside joints or close to the surface of the bones.

5. Swelling

Child having arm inspected by doctor.

Swollen arms or lymph nodes might indicate leukemia.
In a child with leukemia, swelling can affect various parts of the body, including:

The abdomen, when abnormal cells collect in the liver and spleen

The face and arms, when pressure on a vein called the superior vena cava causes blood to pool in the area
The lymph nodes, when a person notices small lumps forming on the sides of the neck, in the underarms, or on the collarbone
It is important to note that a child with swollen lymph nodes and no additional symptoms is more likely to have an infection than leukemia.

Also, tumors from other types of cancer are more likely to put pressure on the superior vena cava and lead to facial swelling. The swelling will be worse when a child wakes up, and it will improve during the day.

This is called superior vena cava syndrome, and it rarely occurs in cases of leukemia. However, it can be life-threatening, and it requires emergency care.

6. Lack of appetite, stomachache, and weight loss

If leukemia cells have caused swelling in the liver, kidneys, or spleen, these organs can press against the stomach.

The result may be a feeling of fullness or discomfort, a lack of appetite, and subsequent weight loss.

7. Coughing or breathing difficulties

Leukemia can affect parts of the body in and around the chest, such as some lymph nodes or the thymus, a gland located between the lungs.

If these parts of the body swell, they can put pressure on the trachea and make breathing difficult.

Breathing difficulties can also occur if leukemia cells build up in the lung's small blood vessels.

If a child is experiencing difficulty breathing, seek emergency care.

8. Headaches, vomiting, and seizures

If leukemia is affecting the brain or spinal cord, a child may experience:

Leukemia has many causes and treatment options for both children and adults. Learn more about them here.

9. Skin rashes

Leukemia cells that spread to the skin can lead to the appearance of small, dark, rash-like spots. This collection of cells is called a chloroma or a granulocytic sarcoma, and it is very rare.

The bruising and bleeding that characterize leukemia can also cause tiny spots called petechiae to appear. These may also look like a rash.

10. Extreme fatigue

In rare cases, leukemia leads to very severe weakness and exhaustion that can result in slurred speech.

This occurs when leukemia cells collect in the blood, causing the blood to thicken. The blood may be so thick that circulation slows through small vessels in the brain.

11. Feeling generally unwell

A child may not be able to describe their symptoms in detail, but they may appear to be generally ill.

When the cause of a child's illness is unclear, make an appointment with a doctor.

Young boy child in doctor's office with mum and doctor.

Assessing signs of leukemia as early as possible may allow for prompt diagnosis and treatment.
The earliest signs of leukemia can be hard to spot.

They can also vary from child to child, not all children with leukemia show the symptoms listed above.

Early symptoms also depend on whether a child has acute or chronic leukemia. The symptoms of acute leukemia often appear quickly, and they may be more noticeable. Those of chronic leukemia may be milder and develop gradually over time.

If a parent or caregiver notices any of the symptoms above, it is best to take the child to a doctor as soon as possible. A prompt diagnosis can ensure that the child receives the right treatment quickly.

However, many of these symptoms are common and can indicate a range of illnesses. The doctor will perform various tests and assessments before making a diagnosis.

There are different types of childhood leukemia. A child's outlook will depend on the type and a range of other factors.

Regardless, catching and treating leukemia early can improve the outcome. It is important for a parent or caregiver to discuss any concerns about a child's health with a doctor as soon as possible.

Doctors can now treat many cases of childhood leukemia successfully. Methods of treatment are advancing, and survival rates for some forms of the disease continue to improve.

source: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322389.php

Using cell metabolism to battle cancer Is cancer a disease of abnormal cellular

By focusing on how cancer stem cells metabolize, researchers may have uncovered a new way to defeat them: by attacking their energy supply.Tinkering with cell metabolism could help to stop cancer stem cells.

Drug resistance is a sizable problem for cancer treatment. Medications that might initially work will soon become ineffective.Stem cell research laboratory

Scientists from the University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center in Ann Arbor are focusing on how cancer stem cells fit into this problem.

Cancer stem cells are a small subpopulation of the cells in a tumor. Like standard stem cells, they are able to give rise to a range of cell types.

They are thought to play a vital role in cancer relapse and metastases because they are usually left untouched by standard chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

As lead study author Dr. Max S. Wicha claims, "When we use targeted therapies, they often only work for a certain period of time, and then the cancer becomes resistant. A lot of that resistance is from the cancer stem cells. They change form to evade the targeted therapy."

Because of this shape-shifting ability, Dr. Wicha concludes that "we're going to need multiple stem cell therapies to attack multiple forms of stem cells."

Cancer cell metabolism

In his latest experiment, Dr. Wicha analyzed how cancer stem cells metabolize, looking for chinks in their armor. The results were recently published in the journal Cell Metabolism.

Researchers previously demonstrated that cancer stem cells are flexible and can switch between different states: one wherein they remain dormant and another in which they grow rapidly. This ability to switch helps cancer to thrive and spread.

Cancer immunotherapy 'could be safer' with natural killer cells

Scientists have developed an immunotherapy that uses immune cells cultured from stem cells rather than cells taken from patients.

Metabolism is particularly key when the stem cell transitions from one state to another, making it a potential target for cancer treatment. When the cells are in their dormant phase, they require glucose, but when they become active and start dividing, they rely on fuel provided by mitochondria, which are reliant on oxygen.

In order to disarm this metabolic switch, Dr. Wicha and team used a two-pronged approach. Firstly, they used an arthritis drug, which blocks mitochondria, and secondly, they manipulated glucose to block that pathway.

"Rather than just try to use toxic chemicals to kill a cell, we use the metabolism of the cell itself to kill the cancer."

Dr. Max S. Wicha

Using this double-headed attack, the scientists managed to knock out stem cells in a mouse model of breast cancer. Though this work is in its early stages, and there are lot of outstanding questions around cancer stem cells in general, these results are encouraging.

Because recent studies have found links between metabolism and the immune system, the authors of this study see a future where immunotherapies might be combined with a metabolic approach to improve outcomes even further.

source :https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322348.php