Side Effects in Cancer Treatment

-Strong swallowing
-Ache
-Weakness
-Bleeding
-Disorientation in taste
-Loss of appetite
-Oral establishment
-Lymphedema
-Osteoclasis
-Wound in the mouth
-Constipation
-Sleeping disorder
-Diarrhea
-Infection
-Hair loss
-Shortness of breath (dyspnoea)
-Deterioration in sexual life
-Skin problems such as redness, itching, shedding

As can be seen, there are many different methods in the treatment of cancer. The choice of which treatment method to use depends on the stage and size of the disease.

Early diagnosis and treatment are important in the treatment of cancer. Decision to defeat the disease and moral motivation are the right way to correct treatment.

Suitable Types of Cancer for Laser Therapy

-Larynx
-Stomach
-Esophagus (food borne)
-Trachea (pus)
-Head and neck parts such as tonsils, mouth sinuses

Targeted Therapy or Targeted Therapy: The more science and people learn about the genes that cause cancer-causing cells to change, the sooner they develop the drugs to treat them. The treatment or the targeted treatment is called targeted treatment. treatment is used to prevent the growth and spread of cancer.

There are two groups of drugs used for cancer treatment for the target. The second is the antibody-like drugs and the second is the intelligent molecules. The molecules are small enough to enter the cell. Chemotherapy also has medicines but the mechanisms and targets The medicines used prevent the normal cells from destroying only the cancerous structures.

For this purpose, the antibodies produced prevent the cancerous cells from propagating and spreading themselves. cancer treatment will bring the severe side effects of cancer treatment to the minimum level as well as chemotherapy. Studies are being made to use it widely and effectively in the future with various scientific tests.

Immunotherapy: also called biotherapy. It is one of the cancer treatment methods aiming to use some parts of the immune system to fight diseases such as cancer. To stimulate the immune system to fight against cancer cells, to stimulate the immune system to work more and more strongly and to give proteins and other similar components to the immune system There are two ways to train the immune system to attack the cancerous cells and to strengthen the body's immune system.

Cancer Treatment Methods When is Surgical Treatment Required?

Surgical Methods: Commonly used is a regional cancer treatment method. Cancer diagnosis is often used to detect and treat the spread, ie the amount of spread. It is done by local or general anesthesia. Some or all of the cancerous organ can be taken by ambulance. some of the tissues may be taken.

Lymph nodes. If surgical intervention is performed, this is called invasive surgery. Cancer that has not spread to other parts of the body is of great benefit. Cancer diagnosis can be easily performed by biopsy.

A tissue sample taken from a suspected area is examined by specialists in the laboratory environment and the existence of cancer is examined. and the rate of progression is determined in this way. It also allows you to decide whether you need other treatments that will decrease the possibility of recurrence of cancer again.

These treatments are supportive therapies called adjuvants. They are usually chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Before the surgery treatment is called neo-adjuvant treatment in order to make the cancer formation shrink and to make it easier to take it.

When Should Surgical Treatment Be Needed?

Cancer Type
The place of cancer and the extent of spread
General health status of the patient
Surgical intervention for cancer in advanced stages may not be a suitable way. The factors that determine the choice of the surgical option are the same as the above criteria.

Chemotherapy: It is a systemic, whole body cancer treatment method based on the killing of cancerous cells with cytotoxic drugs. Combinations of different drugs can be selected and given a single drug. There are some criteria that determine the choice of drugs to be used.

Type of Cancer
Formation Location

If cancer spreads and spreads, if it spreads,
General health status
Chemotherapy, which can be taken alone or in combination with different drugs, can also be taken with the following treatment modalities.

Surgical
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy can also damage healthy body tissues while killing or shrinking cancer cells. However, normal cells that are constantly growing and self-renewing repair cells by regenerating damaged cells from chemotherapy. Therefore, most of the side effects of chemotherapy disappear after treatment. Side effects such as diarrhea and nausea effects can be seen during the time the drug is used. Chemotherapy is also used to minimize cancer, alleviate symptoms, and control cancer.

Radiotherapy: Radiation therapy is also called. This cancer treatment method, giving high-energy radiation, cancer cells cancer DNA therapy-radiotherapy
cancer therapy-radiotherapy

damage and destroy them by destroying them. Although normal cells are damaged by ratios, they are recovered quickly, so normal cells that have been damaged are recovering after a while.

There are two types of radiotherapy.

External (Foreign) Radiotherapy
Internal (inner) Radiotherapy
External radiotherapy is performed directly from the outside of the body with radiation on the tumor. Treatment is usually performed at a distance.

Internal radiotherapy is the process of drinking a special liquid that will affect cancer cells from inside the body or leaving the raadiogenic material in or near the cancerous structure. There are two sources used in internal radiotherapy.

Radioactive Liquid
Radioactive Implant

Radioactive Fluid: This liquid can be taken by injecting the patient by intravenous or intravenous route. After entering the bloodstream, the radioactive liquid is absorbed by the cancerous cells. After the procedure is performed, the patient is taken to a single room where the level of radiation in the body is expected to drop to reasonable levels. is generally preferred in cancers spreading to bones and thyroid cancers.

Radioactive Implants: It is based on the principle that a radioactive metal object is carefully placed in or near the tumor. In this procedure, the patient is taken to a single room to prevent radiation from being taken by other patients. When the radioactive implant is removed, the patient is removed from radioactivity. stage can be preferred in prostate cancer treatment.

Other Treatment Methods

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
Laser therapy
High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA): It is the process of destroying cancerous cells by using the heat generated by radio waves. It is formed by combining the concepts of radiofrequency (energy type) and ablation (destruction).

RFA can be taken alone or in combination with other treatment modalities in some types of cancer, with the exception of the basic treatments used in cancer.

Determination of Options in Cancer Treatment

Cancer therapy can be regional or systemic according to the location and shape of the tumor in which it occurs. Radiotherapy, surgical intervention, and interventional radiological methods such as RFA, microwave, embolization, microsphere, and nanoparticle are among the treatments that can be counted as regional treatments. most of them are referred to as systemic therapy. Depending on the condition of the patient, both methods can be applied separately, or both systemically and locally.

In the cancer treatment plan you have made with your specialist in your area of ​​specialization, care must be taken to ensure that there is no question mark in your head. How will the illness proceed after the specified treatment? How long will the treatment take place and how long?

How will the side effects of the treatment be? it may be beneficial for the patient to try to get the answers of the questions from the very beginning. One or more treatment options may be offered to the patient. A single treatment may reduce the likelihood of recurrence of the disease but the side effects may be more severe.

The purpose of the treatment for cancer diagnosed at an early stage is generally to treat the cancer as a whole. In advanced cases, the cancer can be diagnosed as cancer. to slow the development and progression of the patient, and to reduce the quality of the patient's life to the maximum possible level by reducing the indication to a minimum level.

Cancer and Cancer Treatment Methods

Currently widely used cancer treatment methods are chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical methods. The biological treatment methods are followed by hormonal treatments and targeted cancer therapy.

The first treatment applied to the patient is named as first-line treatment. This treatment is called neoadjuvant treatment after the first step treatment.

The patient diagnosed with cancer should be informed about the cancer treatment procedure and the positive and negative aspects of the outcome of the cancer treatment should be informed about the treatment strategies and accordingly a suitable way should be drawn .

Before Cancer Treatment

After the cancer is diagnosed, the patient will be contacted by a reliable physician and a healthcare professional. It will be useful for determining the route that will be drawn in relation to treatment. If the patient has any type of cancer, he will lead the patient in the search for specialized oncologists. and consulting a doctor who specializes in this type of treatment will be beneficial in terms of the maximum effectiveness of the treatment.

It is very important for the patient to feel comfortable in terms of morale and motivation in the course of cancer treatment. The communication of the doctor and the patient with the patient should be warm and cordial. The patient should show an approach that gives sincere, patient re- The team should be well chosen for this.

Cancer cells ability to break free and spread arises from broken switch

A report on the discovery by the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) in London, United Kingdom - is published in the journal Cell Systems.Study leader Dr. Chris Bakal, who heads the dynamical cell systems team in ICR's Division of Cancer Biology, says that their investigation shows how invasive cancer cells have acquired the ability to overcome the normal constraints on cell movement.

The vast majority of cancer deaths occur because the cancer spreads from the primary tumor to other parts of the body.This process of cancer spread is called metastasis, and it arises because cancer cells acquire the ability to migrate. Finding ways to prevent or halt metastasis could save many lives.

Researchers have already discovered many physical and chemical differences between metastatic and non-metastatic cells.In 2013, for example, a large group of scientists published a catalog describing the mechanical properties of metastatic cells, how they stick to surfaces, migrate, respond to oxygen, and produce protein.

However, what has not been so clear is what happens at the molecular level to disrupt signaling that changes the character of the cell and its relationship to its environment.'Broken switch' allows continual YAP production. In the new study, the ICR team describes how it found that cancer cells that spread around the body have a broken switch that continually activates an important molecule called YAP.

YAP acts as a "mechano-sensor" that allows the cell to "feel" its surroundings - such as how it adheres to the extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix is a non-cellular component comprising water, proteins, and other molecules secreted by cells that hold them place and regulate key biochemical and biomechanical signals.Normally, a cell's ability to grasp onto and move around tissues in the body is tightly constrained by its relationship to the extracellular matrix and other cells. However, YAP can overcome these physical constraints by switching on genes that are usually turned off.

The team found that unlike normal cells - where YAP production and activity are carefully regulated - cancer cells that are able to spread produce YAP all the time, allowing them to escape their physical constraints.The researchers found that a molecule called beta-PIX partially controls YAP signaling. They discovered it by systematically switching off 950 genes one by one in laboratory-grown cancer cells.

In further experiments, the team discovered that beta-PIX boosts YAP activity as the cell adheres to the extracellular matrix while moving through tissue.When cells were forced to remain stuck to the matrix, YAP activity was even higher. However, it greatly reduced when levels of beta-PIX molecules depleted. The researchers then looked more closely at how the link between beta-PIX and YAP behaves in metastasis. They examined it in triple-negative breast cancer cells from primary tumors and in cells from secondary tumors.

As expected, tests showed that disabling the beta-PIX pathway in cancer cells from primary tumors failed to activate YAP. However, doing the same to metastatic cells in secondary tumors did activate YAP.The researchers suggest this shows that the link between beta-PIX and YAP is broken in metastatic cells, thereby allowing them to maintain high levels of YAP even when not bound to the extracellular matrix.

Source: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315071.php

Existing drug could prevent spread of triple-negative breast cancer

New research has revealed that breast cancer metastasis may be prevented by a class of drugs that have already been approved in the US.Metastasis is the process by which cancer spreads. Researchers at the US’ Mayo Clinic have identified that enzyme pathway CDK4/6 regulates a cancer metastasis protein, known as Snail. They found that drugs that inhibit CDK 4/6 could also prevent the spread of triple-negative breast cancer.

Currently, CDK4/6 inhibitors are approved for treating estrogen-positive breast cancer, but not triple-negative breast cancer.Study senior author Dr Zhenkun Lou, of the Mayo Clinic, explained: “Metastasis is a hallmark of cancer and a leading cause of cancer death. Despite great progress in cancer therapy, the prevention of cancer metastasis is still an unfulfilled challenge.”

During this study, the researchers focused on triple-negative breast cancer. This is a very difficult to treat cancer because it does not exhibit receptors for estrogen, progesterone or the HER-2/neu gene, which are targets for many current breast cancer treatments.Dr Lou said: “Prior published data suggested that CDK 4/6 inhibitors were not effective in reducing the growth rates of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer.

“Our data confirmed that, while the rate of growth of triple-negative breast cancer was not affected by CDK 4/6 inhibitors, this class of drugs was able to significantly inhibit the spread of triple-negative breast cancer to distant organs when tested in multiple different triple-negative breast cancer models, including patient-derived xenografts.”

Patient-derived xenographts involve the implantation of tumour tissue into an immunodeficient mouse which becomes an avatar to help identify which drug or drug combinations are most likely to be effective for an individual cancer patient.

Source: http://www.figo.org/news/existing-drug-could-prevent-spread-triple-negative-breast-cancer-0015456

Delayed chemotherapy after surgery may still be beneficial

Lung cancer is by far the most common cause of death from cancer worldwide, accounting for almost 1 in 5 cancer deaths (1.59 million out of 8.2 million in 2012).AA new study published in JAMA Oncology suggests that patients with a common form of lung cancer who need time to recover from surgery may still benefit from delayed chemotherapy.

In the United States, the chances of developing lung cancer over a lifetime are about 1 in 14 for men and around 1 in 17 for women. The chances are much higher for people who smoke and lower for people who do not.While the prognosis, or outlook, for patients diagnosed with lung cancer is usually poor, if the disease is diagnosed in the early stages, there is a higher chance of a cure.More than 430,000 people in the U.S. alive today have been diagnosed with lung cancer at some point in their lives.

There are two main types of lung cancer. Approximately 80-85 percent of lung cancers are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and around 10-15 percent are small cell lung cancer. These types are treated very differently.The new study - from Yale University in New Haven, CT - concerns NSCLC, of which there are two subtypes that each arise from a different type of lung cell. However, they are usually grouped together because the approaches to their treatment and prognosis are often similar.

Patients with NSCLC who undergo surgery to remove the tumor may receive chemotherapy afterward to reduce the risk of the cancer returning.In their paper, the Yale researchers note the standard recommendation is that chemotherapy should be administered for NSCLC patients whose cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, whose tumors are 4 centimeters or larger, or where there is extensive invasion into surrounding tissue.

However, while there is general consensus regarding such use of chemotherapy - called adjuvant chemotherapy because it is additional to the main treatment - the optimum timing is not clear.Many doctors say that the optimum window for giving adjuvant chemotherapy to NSCLC patients is 6-9 weeks following surgery.

However, there are cases where patients need to recover from complications following surgery, and they may not be able to tolerate chemotherapy so soon.For their study, Daniel J. Boffa, associate professor of surgery at Yale School of Medicine, and colleagues analyzed data on patients in the National Cancer Database in order to examine the relationship between timing of chemotherapy after surgery and 5-year survival.

The National Cancer Database is a hospital-based tumor registry, capable of capturing over 70 percent of U.S. incident lung cancer cases.Chemotherapy after traditional window may still benefit
The analysis included 12,473 NSCLC patients who met the standard recommendation for adjuvant treatment and received chemotherapy between 18 and 127 days after surgery during 2004-2012.

Results showed that 5-year survival for patients whose chemotherapy started 7-18 weeks following surgery differed little from patients whose chemotherapy started closer to the 6-9-week window that is generally followed.The analysis also found that surgery followed by delayed chemotherapy was associated with a lower risk of death compared with surgery only.

Researchers conclude that while they did not look at the underlying causes, the results suggest that delaying chemotherapy outside the traditional postoperative window may still offer benefit to NSCLC patients.

Source: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315103.php